Online​

Countless scams are promoted through e-mail, texting, websites and social networks. Spam e-mails in particular are very common. The best way to deal with these e-mails is to delete them. By responding – even to ask to be taken off a list – you alert the scammer that your e-mail address is valid. This will prompt them to send you more spam.

By phone

Many scams start with a phone call from someone you don’t know. They may claim to be representing a company you do business with, and ask to verify personal information like bank or credit card numbers. To combat phone fraud, don’t do business over the phone unless you’ve made the call and you know the company is legitimate.

Through a group you belong to

Scammers use their association with the group, and your common interests, to gain your trust – and then take your money. This is known as affinity fraud. They may also build relationships with leaders of the group to gain acceptance and endorsement.

Victims often don’t report affinity fraud for fear of embarrassment, or backlash from the group. They may try to resolve problems within the group, which can leave other groups vulnerable to the same scam.

At investment seminars

Some investment seminars promote specific investment strategies that promise high returns. You may not know that these products are risky and may not be appropriate for you. The investments themselves may not be fraudulent, but this type of promotion raises a number of red flags.

Presenters are usually good motivational speakers and may use high-pressure sales tactics. If you’re given time-limited offers or feel pressured to buy, walk away. Do your research and get a second opinion from a qualified adviser, lawyer or accountant.